shrink from doing

ἀφίστημι:

A causal in [tense] pres. and [tense] impf., in [tense] fut. ἀποστήσω, and [tense] aor. I ἀπέστησα, as also in [tense] aor. I [voice] Med. (v. infr.):—put away, remove, keep out of the way,

τὸ ἀσθενέστατον τοῦ στρατεύματος X.HG7.5.23

;

ἄχος A.Ch. 416

(lyr.); of diseases, Dsc.2.96, Gal.13.846;

τὰ συγκείμενα ἀ. ἀπ' ἀλλήλων Pl.Plt. 282b

;

ἀ. τῆς ἐλάας τὸν φλοιόν Thphr.CP3.3.2

;

ἀ. τινὰ λόγου

hinder from..,

E.IT 912

; ἀ. τὰς τῶν πολεμίων ἐπιβουλάς frustrate them, Th.1.93; ἀ. τὸν ἄρχοντα depose him, X.HG7.1.45:—[tense] aor. [voice] Med., Ἀργείων δόρυ πυλῶν ἀπεστήσασθε remoued it from your own gates, E.ph.1087:—in Hdt.9.23 ἀποστήσαντες, = ἀποστάντες, having retired.

2 cause to revolt, of allies, Id.8.19, Ar.Eq. 238, Th.1.81;

τινὰ ἀπό τινος Hdt.1.76

, 154, etc.;

τινά τινος And.3.22

.

3 in geom. constructions, cut off, Procl.Hyp. 6.7.

II weigh out, X.Smp.2.20;

ἀποστησάτωσαν τὰ χρυσία IG7.303.19

([place name] Oropus); pay,

δραχμὰς ή ἀργυρίου UPZ93.2

(ii B.C.): also in [tense] aor. I [voice] Med., μὴ.. ἀποστήσωνται Ἀχαιοὶ χρεῖος lest they weigh out (i. e. pay in full) the debt, Il.13.745, cf. IG12.91.20, al.:—in strict sense of [voice] Med., ἀποστήσασθαι τὸν χαλκόν to have the brass weighed out to one, D.49.52.—Hom. has it trans. only in l.c.

III [voice] Med., give a final decision (or break up, dismiss the assembly), ῥήτρα ap.Plu. Lyc.6.

B intr., in [voice] Pass., as also in [tense] aor. 2 ἀπέστην, imper.

ἀπόστηθι Ar. Th. 627

,

ἀπόστα Men.375

: [tense] pf. ἀφέστηκα in [tense] pres. sense, sync. in pl. ἀφέστᾰμεν, -στᾰτε, -στᾶσι, as in inf. ἀφεστάναι, part. ἀφεστώς, -ῶσα, -ός or - ώς: [tense] plpf. ἀφεστήκειν, [dialect] Att.

- κη Pl.Tht. 208e

: [tense] fut. [voice] Med.

ἀποστήσομαι E.Hec. 1054

, Th.5.64, etc. (while [tense] aor. I [voice] Med. is causal (v. supr.)): for [tense] fut. ἀφεστήξω v. h. v.:— stand away or aloof from, keep far from,

ὅσσον δὲ τροχοῦ ἵππος ἀφίσταται Il.23.517

;

οὐ μέν κ' ἄλλη γ' ὧδε γυνὴ.. ἀνδρὸς ἀφεσταίη Od.23.101

;

ἀποστᾶσ' ἐκποδών E.Hel. 1023

;

ἐς ἄλλο σχῆμ' ἀ. βίου Id.Med. 1039

;

ἀποσταθῶμεν πράγματος τελουμένου A.Ch. 872

; ὡς γραφεὺς (or βραβεὺς)

ἀποσταθείς E.Hec. 807

;

μακρὰν τόποις καὶ χρόνοις ἀ. D.S.13.22

: hence in various relations, ἀφεστάναι φρενῶν lose one's wits, S.Ph. 865;

φύσεος Ar.V. 1457

(lyr.); οὐδενὸς ἀποστήσονται ὅσα ἂν δίκαια λέγητε depart from, object to right proposals, Th.4.118;

ἀ. φόνου E.Or. 1544

; ἀ. ἀρχῆς to be deposed from office, Pl.Lg. 928d; simply, resign, SIG527.105 (Crete, iii B. C.); ἀ. τῶν πραγμάτων, τῆς πολιτείας, etc., withdraw from business, politics, have done with it, D.10.1, 18.308, etc.; ἔργων ἢ πόνων ἢ κινδύνων shun them, Isoc.4.83, cf.X.HG7.5.19, etc.; ὧν εἷλεν ἀποστάς giving up all claim to what he had won (at law), D.21.181;

τῶν αὑτῆς Id.19.147

, cf. 35.4; ἀφίστασθαι τῶν τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ ib.44;

οὐδενὸς τῶν ἀνηκόντων τῇ πόλει Inscr.Magn.53.65

; τὴν πολιτείαν.. τὴν ἀφεστηκυῖαν τοῦ μέσου πλεῖον further removed from.., Arist.Pol. 1296b8;

ἀποστὰς τῶν πατρῴων Luc.DMort.12.3

; ἀ. ἐκ Σικελίας withdraw from the island, give up the expedition, Th.7.28; retire,

ἐς Ἰθώμην Id.1.101

: rarely c.acc., avoid, shrink from,

τὸν ἥλιον X.Cyn. 3.3

;

τὸν πόλεμον Id.An.2.5.7

;

τινάς E.Fr. 1006

;

πυγμήν Philostr. Gym.20

(prob. cj.).

2 in Prose, ἀ. ἀπό τινος revolt from.., Hdt. 1.95, 130, etc.;

τινός Id.2.113

;

οὐκ ἀποστήσομαι ἀπὸ τοῦ δήμου Ἀθηναίων IG12.39.21

; but Ἀθηναίων τοῦ πλήθους ib.10.22; also ἀ. εἴς or πρός τινας, Hdt.2.30, 162, cf. X.An.1.6.7;

ἐς δημοκρατίαν ἀ. Th.8.90

: abs., revolt, Hdt.1.102, etc.; ὑπό τινος at his instigation, Th.8.35 ( ἀπό codd.).

3 ἀ. τινί make way for another, give way to him, E. Hec. 1054, D.8.37.

4 c. gen., shrink from,

τῶν κινδύνων Isoc.9.29

: also c. inf., shrink from doing,

ἀπέστην τοῦτ' ἐρωτῆσαι σαφῶς E. Hel. 536

.

5 abs., stand aloof, recoil from fear, horror, etc.,

τίπτε καταπτώσσοντες ἀφέστατε; Il.4.340

;

πολλὸν ἀφεσταότες 17.375

;

παλίνορσος ἀπέστη 3.33

, Pi.O.1.52, P.4.145;

ἐγὼ οὐδέν τι μᾶλλον ἀ. Pl.Tht. 169b

, cf. D.19.45, etc.; desist,

μὴ νῦν -ώμεθα Pl.Lg. 960e

;

δοῦλος ἀφεστώς

a runaway,

Lys.23.7

.

6 Medic., ἀφίσταται, = ἀπόστασις γίγνεται, εἰς ἄρθρα Hp.Aph.4.74; ἀ. ὀστέον exfoliates, ib. 6.45; also

ἀ. ἀπὸ τῶν ὀστῶν Pl.Ti. 84a

;

τὸ δέρμα ἀ. X.Eq.1.5

; also, project, stand out,

ὦτα ἀφεστηκότα PLond.3.1209.12

(i B. C.).

b to be separated by the formation of an abscess, Gal.11.116, al. (also in [voice] Act.,

τὸ πύον ἀφίστησι 7.715

).

ὀκν-έω, [dialect] Ep. [full] ὀκνείω Il.5.255: [tense] impf.

A

ὤκνεον 20.155

: [tense] fut.

- ήσω Isoc.6.72

: [tense] aor.

ὤκνησα D.18.103

, etc.: ([etym.] ὄκνος):— shrink from doing, scruple, hesitate to do a thing, c. inf.,

ὀκνείω ἵππων ἐπιβαινέμεν Il.5.255

;

ἀρχέμεναι πολέμοιο ὤκνεον 20.155

.—In [dialect] Att. mostly with collat. sense of the feeling which causes the hesitation, and so,

1 of shame or fear (in a moral sense), ὀκνῶ προδότης καλεῖσθαι I shrink from being called, fear to be called, S.Ph.93, cf. Th.5.61, Lys.Fr. 23 ; οἷα ἐγὼ ὀκνῶ πρὸς ὑμᾶς ὀνομάσαι shrink from naming, hesitate to name, D.2.19, cf. Pl.Grg. 462e ;

τοσαῦθ' ὅσ' ὀκνήσαιμ' ἂν.. εἰπεῖν D.18.103

, cf. 24.7, etc.

2 of pity,

σὰς ὀκνῶ θρᾶξαι φρένας A.Pr. 628

, cf.S. El. 1271.

3 most commonly of cowardice or indolence,

μεμηνότ' ἄνδρα.. ὀκνεῖς ἰδεῖν Id.Aj.81

, cf. Th.1.120, etc.—The Homeric constr. c. inf. continued most common (v. supr.): rarely c. acc., πῶς τὸ μητρὸς λέκτρον οὐκ ὀκνεῖν με δεῖ; S.OT 976 ;

ὃν μήτ' ὀκνεῖτε Id.OC 731

, cf. X.Cyr.2.2.21 ;

ἂν ὀκνῇς τὸ μανθάνειν Philem.213.1

; also

ὀ. περί τινος X.Cyr.4.5.20

;

ὀ. μή.. Pl.Phdr. 257c

, X.An.2.3.9, D.1.18.

II freq. also abs., shrink, hesitate, hang back, Hdt.7.50, S.El.22, 320, Antipho Soph.55, Luc.Prom.18, etc. ; of soldiers, Arist.Pol. 1297b11.

ἀποκν-έω,

A shrink from, c. acc.,

τὸν κίνδυνον Th.3.20

;

τὸν πλοῦν Id.8.12

;

πρός τι Zos.5.40

:—c. inf., shrink from doing, Th.4.11, Pl. Phd. 84c, Tht. 166b.

2 abs., shrink back, hesitate, Th.3.55, 6.18, Pl.Lg. 78od, etc.

φεύγω, Il.21.472, etc.: [dialect] Ep. inf. φευγέμεν, φευγέμεναι, 10.147, 21.13; [tense] impf.

A

ἔφευγον 22.158

, etc., Poet.

φεῦγον 9.478

, Tyrt.5.8, Pi.N. 9.13: iter.

φεύγεσκον Il.17.461

, Hdt.4.43: [tense] fut.

φεύξομαι Il.18.307

, etc.; also φευξοῦμαι in E. and Com., E.Med. 341, 346, Hel. 500, 1041, Ba. 659, Ar.Ach. 203 (cod. R), 1129, Pl. 447, Av. 932 ([etym.] ἀπο-), Men. 283 (but dub. where found in [dialect] Att. Prose, Pl.Lg. 635c, al., D.38.19; φευξεῖται is dub. l. in IPE12.24.11 (Olbia, iv B. C.); [tense] fut. [voice] Act. ἐκ-φεύξω only late, v.l. in Aesop.349b, cf. Chambry ii p.479): [tense] aor. ἔφῠγον, [dialect] Ion.

φύγεσκον Od.17.316

: [tense] pf.

πέφευγα Hdt.7.154

codd. (v. infr.11.1a); opt.

πεφεύγοι Il.21.609

(

ἐκ-πεφευγοίην S.OT 840

), part.

πεφευγότες Od.1.12

; part. [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. πεφυγμένος in act. sense, Il.6.488, Od.1.18, etc. (in pass. sense, Epicur.Fr. 423); [dialect] Ep. πεφυζότες (cf. φύζα) Il.21.6, 528, 532, 22.1, later sg.

πεφυζώς Nic.Th. 128

; [dialect] Aeol. πεφύγγων, v. φυγγάνω:—[voice] Med., μὴ φεύγησθε Anon.Hist. in PLit.Lond. 115: [tense] aor. 1 δια-φεύξασθαι Decr.Ath. in Hp.Ep.25.

I abs., flee, take flight, opp. διώκω, Il.22.157, etc.;

βῆ φεύγων ἐπὶ πόντον 2.665

;

πῇ φεύγεις; 8.94

;

πόσε φεύγετε; 16.422

;

ποῖ φύγωμεν.. χθονός; A.Supp. 777

(lyr.);

ποῖ τις οὖν φύγῃ; S.Aj. 403

(lyr.);

ἐνθένδε ἐκεῖσε φ. Pl.Tht. 176b

: with Preps.,

φ. ἀπό τινος Od.12.120

;

φεύξονται ἀφ' ἑαυτῶν εἰς φιλοσοφίαν Pl.Tht. 168a

, etc.; ἐκ πολέμοιο, ἐκ θανάτοιο, Il.7.118, 20.350;

ἐκ κακῶν πεφευγέναι S.Ant. 437

, cf. Hdt.1.65;

ὑπὲκ κακοῦ Il.15.700

, cf. 17.461 (rarely c. gen. only, πεφυγμένος ἦεν ἀέθλων (v. infr. 11) Od.1.18;

τῆς νόσου πεφευγέναι S.Ph. 1044

);

φ. ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν Il. 2.140

, 159, al.; ἐπὶ Σάρδεων, ἐπὶ τὸν Ἑλικῶνα, X.Cyr.7.2.1, Ages. 2.11;

πρὸς τὸ ὄρος Id.HG3.5.19

;

ὑπὸ γᾶν A.Eu. 175

(lyr.);

ὑπὸ δελφῖνος ἰχθύες φ. Il.21.23

, cf. 554 (cf. infr. 111.2): c. acc. cogn., φύγε λαιψηρὸν δρόμον ran the course full swiftly, Pi.P.9.121;

τίνα φυγὴν φευξούμεθα; E.Hel. 1041

; φ. τὴν παρὰ θάλασσαν (sc. ὁδόν) flee by the shore route, Hdt.4.12; cf. infr. 111; for φυγῇ φεύγειν, v. infr. 11.1,

φυγή 1.1

.

2 [tense] pres. and [tense] impf. tenses prop. express only the purpose or endeavour to get away: hence part. φεύγων is added to the compd. Verbs καταφεύγω, ἐκφεύγω, προφεύγω, to distinguish the attempt from the accomplishment, βέλτερον, ὃς φεύγων προφύγῃ κακὸν ἠὲ ἁλώῃ it is better that one should flee and escape than stay and be caught, Il.14.81;

φεύγων ἐκφεύγει Hdt.5.95

, cf. Ar.Ach. 177;

φ. καταφυγεῖν Hdt.4.23

.

3 φ. εἰς .. have recourse to.. take refuge in..,

ἐς τοὺς ἀφώνους μάρτυρας E.Hipp. 1076

.

4 c. inf., shun or shrink from doing, Hdt.4.76, Antipho 1.13, Pl.Ap. 26a; with inf. omitted,

φεύγουσι γάρ τοι χοἱ θρασεῖς

shrink back,

S.Ant. 580

.

II c. acc., flee, avoid, escape,

Ἕκτορα Il.11.327

, etc.;

φ. τινὰ ἐκ μάχης Hdt.7.104

;

φ. ἐς τὴν Ἀσίην τοὺς Σκύθας Id.4.12

;

φ. θάνατον Il.1.60

;

ἔνθ' ἄλλοι μὲν πάντες, ὅσοι φύγον αἰπὺν ὄλεθρον, οἴκοι ἔσαν πόλεμόν τε πεφευγότες ἠδὲ θάλασσαν Od.1.11

; ἔφυγον κακόν, εὗρον ἄμεινον, formula used by μύσται, D.18.259; with modal dat., φ. ὄνειδος λόγοις, ἀμαχανίαν ἔργῳ, Pi.O.6.90, P.9.92; avoid, shun,

χρὴ.. φεύγειν τὰ παχύνοντα Gal.Vict.Att.12

;

τὴν ἀργίαν καὶ τὴν ἀκινησίαν τοῦ σώματος Sor.1.93

, cf. 46, al.; φόνον φ. flee the consequences of the murder, E.Med. 796;

αἷμα συγγενὲς φ. χθονός Id.Supp. 148

;

τὰν Διὸς μῆτιν φ. A.Pr. 906

(lyr.);

ὀσμὴν.., μὴ βάλῃ, πεφευγότες S.Ant. 412

;

φεύγων φυγῇ τὸ γῆρας Pl.Smp. 195b

;

ἐς πόντον.. φύγε πέτρας νηῦς Od. 10.131

; οὐδεμία [πόλις] πέφευγε (sed fort. leg. ἀπέφυγε) δουλοσύνην πρὸς Ἱπποκράτεος at the hands of.., Hdt.7.154: part. [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. also retains the acc. in Hom. in periphrastic phrases,

μοῖραν δ' οὔ τινά φημι πεφυγμένον ἔμμεναι ἀνδρῶν Il.6.488

;

πεφυγμένον ἔμμεν ὄλεθρον Od.9.455

;

οὔ οἱ νῦν ἔτι γ' ἔστι πεφυγμένον ἄμμε γενέσθαι Il.22.219

, cf. h.Ven. 34:—but in pass. sense, τὸ πάραυτα πεφυγμένον κακόν Epicur.l.c.

b seek to avoid, shirk,

στρατείαν D.21.162

;

εἰ τοῦτο φεύξονται καὶ μὴ 'θελήσουσι ποιεῖν Id.20.138

; so in [tense] aor.,

ἢν φύγῃ τις, ζημιοῦν Ar.Ach. 717

.

2 of things,

ἡνίοχον φύγον ἡνία

escaped, slipped from his hands,

Il.23.465

;

Νέστορα δ' ἐκ χειρῶν φύγον ἡνία 8.137

, cf. 11.128; τὸ φεῦγον the part which slips, X.Eq. 10.9, cf. Hp.Off.9, Gal.18(2).735: c. dupl. acc.,

ποῖόν σε ἔπος φύγεν ἕρκος ὀδόντων Il.4.350

, Od.1.64, etc.

b of wine, 'go off', turn sour, Gp.7.7.8.

III flee one's country, Il. 9.478, Od.13.259; οἱ φεύγοντες the exiles, Th.1.24, X.Ages.7.6;

πατρίδα φ. Od.15.228

, X.Cyr.3.1.24;

τὴν αὑτοῦ Th.5.26

;

ἅπασαν τὴν Ἀθηναίων ξυμμαχίδα IG12.10.30

;

φ. ἐξ Ἄργεος Od.15.224

, cf. Th.8.85; ἐξ Ἀθηνέων, ἐκ τῆς πατρίδος, Hdt.6.103, X.An.1.3.3.

2 φ. ὑπὸ Σκυθέων to be expelled, driven out by.. Hdt.4.125: but esp. to be exiled,

φ. ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου Id.5.30

, X.HG1.1.27; φ. ἐξ Ἀρείου πάγου by their sentence, Din.1.44: also c. acc.,

φ. Πεισιστρατίδας Hdt. 5.62

.

3 abs., go into exile, live in banishment, A.Ag. 1668 (troch.), Antipho 2.2.9, Pl.Mx. 242b;

δύο ἔτη φευγέτω Id.Lg. 867c

; φ. ἀειφυγίαν to be banished for life, ib. 871d, al.;

φεόγειν Ἀμφίπολιν ἀειφυγίην SIG194.3

, cf. 24 (Amphipolis, iv B. C.); but also

ἐν ἀειφυγίᾳ Pl.Lg. 877e

;

φεύγων ἀπ' οἴκων ἃς ἐγὼ φεύγω φυγάς E.Andr. 976

; φεύγοντες being in exile, opp.

φυγόντες

having gone into exile,

Lys.14.33

; with play on words, "μέχρι τίνος φεύξῃ, Ἀρκαδίων; καὶ ὅς, ἔς τ' ἂν τοὺς ἀφίκωμαι οἳ οὐκ ἴσασι Φίλιππον" Duris 3 J.

IV as law-term (mostly in [tense] pres. and [tense] impf., but cf. Lys.12.4 (v. infr.)), to be accused or prosecuted at law: ὁ φεύγων the accused, defendant, Ar.V. 893, Pl.R. 405b, etc.; opp.

διώκω, οὔτε φεύγων ἁλοὺς οὔτε διώκων ἡττηθείς D.23.66

; c. acc., φ. γραφάς, δίκην, Ar.Eq. 442 (lyr.), Nu. 167;

ὑπό τινος δίκας φ. Pl.Ap. 19c

, cf. D.49.1;

οὐδενὶ πώποτε οὔτε ἡμεῖς οὔτε ἐκεῖνος δίκην οὔτε ἐδικασάμεθα οὔτε ἐφύγομεν Lys.

l. c.;

φ. ἀπολογίας Aeschin.3.201

; the crime being added in gen.,

φόνου δίκην φ. Antipho 5.9

;

γραφὰς φ. παρανόμων D.18.235

; more freq. c. gen. only, φ. φόνου to be charged with murder, Lys.10.31, Lycurg.133, etc.;

φ. δειλίας Ar. Ach. 1129

;

ξενίας Id.V. 718

(anap.); with gen. of the penalty,

ἐὰν.. φεύγῃ δεσμῶν OGI218.92

(Ilium, iii B. C.); also

περὶ θανάτου φ. Antipho 5.95

;

φ. ἐπὶ μηνύσει τινός And.1.18

; ἀσεβείας φ. ὑπό τινος is accused of impiety by.., Pl.Ap. 35d; rarely of things, τὸ φεῦγον ψήφισμα the decree that is on its defence, the decree in question, D.23.58:—in Hdt.7.214 αἰτίην φ. has the older sense, flee from a charge, quit one's country on account of a charge.

2 plead in defence, δεῖ τοί σε φεύγειν.. ὡς οὐκ ἔχουσι κῦρος [οἱ νόμοι] A.Supp. 390; ἔφευγε μὴ εἰδέναι pleaded ignorance, S.Ant. 263, (Cf. Lat.fugio, Goth. biugan 'bend', etc.)

ἀπορρῑγ-έω, 2 [tense] pf. ἀπέρρῑγα,

A shrink shivering from a thing: generally, shrink from doing it, c. inf.,

νέεσθαι Od.2.52

.

ῥῑγ-έω, Pi.N.5.50: [tense] fut.

A

- ήσω Il.5.351

: [tense] aor. ἐρρίγησα, [dialect] Ep. ῥίγησα (also in S.OC 1607), Il.5.596: [tense] pf. (with [tense] pres. sense)

ἔρρῑγα 17.175

(prob. f.l. in Thphr.Ign.74); [dialect] Dor. [ per.] 3pl.

ἐρρίγαντι Theoc.16.77

; [dialect] Ep. subj.

ἐρρίγῃσι Il.3.353

; [dialect] Ep. dat. part. ἐρρίγοντι (for ἐρριγότι) Hes.Sc. 228: [tense] plpf. [ per.] 3sg.

ἐρρίγει Od.23.216

:— shudder or bristle with fear or horror,

ἰδὼν ῥίγησε Il.5.596

, etc.;

ἐρρίγησαν ὅπως ἴδον 12.208

; once in Trag., αἱ δὲ παρθένοι ῥίγησαν (the augm. being omitted although in an iambic verse) S.l.c.: c. inf., shudder to do, shrink from doing,

ὄφρα τις ἐρρίγῃσι.. ξεινοδόκον κακὰ ῥέξαι Il.3.353

, cf. 7.114; cf. ἀπορριγέω: folld. by a clause,

θυμὸς ἐρρίγει μὴ.. Od.23.216

.

2 cool or slacken in zeal, Pi.N.5.50.

3 bristle with arms,

Φοίνικες.. ἐρρίγαντι Theoc.

l.c.

II trans., shudder at anything,

ῥιγήσειν πόλεμον Il.5.351

;

ἔρριγα μάχην 17.175

(in 16.119 ῥίγησέν τε is best taken parenthetically). (Cf. Lat. frīgeo, from srīg-.)

φοβέω (φέβομαι ‘flee in terror’; Hom. et al.; Wsd 17:9; Jos., Ant. 14, 456), in our lit. only pass. φοβέομαι (Hom.+; OGI 669, 59; SIG 1268 II, 17; pap, LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., Just.; Mel., P. 98, 746 al.; Ath. 20, 2; R. 21 p. 75, 1) impf. ἐφοβούμην; 1 fut. φοβηθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐφοβήθην (Plut., Brut. 1002 [40, 9]; M. Ant. 9, 1, 7; Jer 40:9; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 277; s. B-D-F §79).

① to be in an apprehensive state, be afraid, the aor. oft. in the sense become frightened

ⓐ intr., abs. (Iren. 1, 4, 2 [Harv. I 36, 4]) ἐφοβήθησαν σφόδρα they were terribly frightened (Ex 14:10; 1 Macc 12:52) Mt 17:6; 27:54. ἐπεστράφην φοβηθείς I turned around in terror Hv 4, 3, 7.—Mt 9:8; 14:30; 25:25; Mk 5:33; Ac 16:38. ἐφοβοῦντο γάρ for they were afraid Mk 16:8 (Mk 16:9–20 is now rarely considered a part of the original gospel of Mk, though many scholars doubt that the gosp. really ended w. the words ἐφ. γάρ. The original ending may have been lost; among the possible reasons given are the accidental loss of the last page of Mark’s own first copy [the same defect, at a very early stage, in the case of the 18th book of the Κεστοί of Jul. Africanus: WBauer, Orthodoxy etc. (Engl. tr. of 2d German ed. ’64) ’71, 159ff. S. also FKenyon, Papyrus Rolls and the Ending of St. Mk: JTS 40, ’39, 56f; CRoberts, The Ancient Book and the Ending of St. Mk: ibid. 253–57] or by purposeful suppression, perh. because it may have deviated fr. the other accounts of the resurrection [for the purposeful omission of the end of a document cp. Athen. 4, 61, 166d on the 10th book of Theopompus’ Philippica, ἀφʼ ἧς τινες τὸ τελευταῖον μέρος χωρίσαντες, ἐν ᾧ ἐστιν τὰ περὶ τῶν δημαγωγῶν. S. also Diog. L. 7, 34: a report of Isidorus of Pergamum on the systematic mutilation of books in the library there by Athenodorus the Stoic].—Those who conclude that nothing ever came after ἐφ. γάρ must either assume that the evangelist was prevented fr. finishing his work [Zahn et al.], or indeed intended to close the book w. these words [s. γάρ 1a]. For a short sentence, composed of a verb + γάρ s. also Epict. 3, 9, 19; 4, 8, 4; Artem. 4, 64; 1, 33 p. 35, 6; Plotinus, Ennead 5, 5, a treatise ending in γάρ [PvanderHorst, JTS 23, ’72, 121–24]; Musonius Rufus, Tr. XII; Oenomaus in Eus., PE 6, 7, 8; Libanius, Or. 53 p. 65, 20 F.; PMich 149 VI, 37 [II A.D.]. Among those favoring an ending w. γάρ: Wlh., Loisy, Lohmeyer ad loc.; ABauer, WienerStud 34, 1912, 306ff; LBrun, D. Auferst. Christi 1925, 10ff; OLinton, ThBl 8, 1929, 229–34; JCreed, JTS 31, 1930, 175–80; MGoguel, La foi à la résurr. de Jésus ’33, 176ff; HMosbech, Mkevangeliets Slutning: SEÅ 5, ’40, 56–73; WAllen, JTS 47, ’46, 46–49 [‘feel reverential awe’]; ibid. 48, ’47, 201–3. S. also EGoodspeed, Exp. 8th ser., 18, 1919, 155–60; reconstruction of the ‘lost’ ending, in Engl., by Goodsp. in his Introd. to the NT ’37, 156; HProbyn, Exp. 9th ser., 4, 1925, 120–25; RKevin, JBL 45, 1926, 81–103; MEnslin, ibid. 46, 1927, 62–68; HCadbury, ibid. 344f; MRist, ATR 14, ’32, 143–51; WKnox, HTR 35, ’42, 13ff; EHelzle, Der Schluss des Mk, ’59, diss. Tübingen; FDanker, CTM 38, ’67, 26f; JLuzarraga, Biblica 50, ’69, 497–510; KAland, MBlack Festschr., ’69, 157–80, NTEntwürfe, ’79, 246–83). φοβοῦμαι μᾶλλον I am all the more fearful IPhld 5:1. μὴ φοβηθῆτε do not be afraid Mt 10:31 v.l. (μή 1cεא). μὴ φοβοῦ, μὴ φοβεῖσθε you must no longer be afraid, stop being afraid (μή 1cγא) Mt 10:31; 14:27; 17:7; Mk 5:36; Lk 1:13, 30; 2:10; 5:10; 8:50; 12:7 al. LKöhler, D. Offenbarungsformel ‘Fürchte dich nicht!’: SchTZ 36, 1919, 33ff.—W. acc. of inner obj. (B-D-F §153; Rob. 468; Pla., Prot. 360b; Ael. Aristid. 30 p. 586 D.: φοβοῦμαι φόβον; Did., Gen. 230, 1; on LXX usage s. Johannessohn, Kasus 73) ὁ φόβος ὸ̔ν δεῖ σε φοβηθῆναι the fear which you must have Hm 7:1c. ἐφοβήθησαν φόβον μέγαν (Jon 1:10; 1 Macc 10:8; TestAbr. B 13 p. 117, 17f [Stone p. 82]; JosAs 6:1) they were very much afraid Mk 4:41; Lk 2:9. If the nouns are to be taken in the pass. sense, this is also the place for τὸν φόβον αὐτῶν (objective gen.) μὴ φοβηθῆτε 1 Pt 3:14 (cp. Is 8:12) and μὴ φοβούμεναι μηδεμίαν πτόησιν vs. 6 (πτόησις 2); s. 1bγ below.—A recognizable Hellenic expr. (cp. ὁ ἀπὸ τῶν πολεμίων φόβος=fear in the face of the enemy), though encouraged by OT usage (Lev 26:2; Dt 1:29; Jer 1:8, 17; Jdth 5:23; 1 Macc 2:62; 8:12; En 106:4; Helbing 29; B-D-F §149; Rob. 577) φοβ. ἀπό τινος be afraid of someone Mt 10:28a; Lk 12:4; 1 Cl 56:11 (Job 5:22).—Foll. by gen. absol. 56:10. Foll. by μή and the aor. subj. to denote that which one fears (Thu. 1, 36, 1; Aesop, Fab. 317 H.=356a P.; Alex. Aphr. 31, II/2 p. 203, 20 τὸν Ἀπόλλω φοβεῖσθαι μή τι παρελθῇ τούτων ἄπρακτον=Apollo is concerned [almost as much as ‘sees to it’] that nothing of this remains undone; Jos., Ant. 10, 8, Vi. 252) Ac 23:10; 27:17; ITr 5:1; Hs 9, 20, 2. Foll. by μήποτε (Phlegon: 257 Fgm. 36, 2, 4 Jac. p. 1172, 30 φοβοῦμαι περὶ ὑμῶν, μήποτε; JosAs 7:3; ApcMos 16 al.): Hm 12, 5, 3. φοβηθῶμεν μήποτε δοκῇ τις Hb 4:1; μήπου (v.l. μήπως; ParJer 5:5) Ac 27:29; 2 Cor 11:3; 12:20. A notable feature is the prolepsis of the obj. (cp. Soph., Oed. R. 767; Thu. 4, 8, 7) φοβοῦμαι ὑμᾶς μήπως εἰκῇ κεκοπίακα εἰς ὑμᾶς I am afraid my work with you may be wasted Gal 4:11 (B-D-F §476, 3; Rob. 423).—W. inf. foll. be afraid to do or shrink from doing someth. (B-D-F §392, 1b.—X., An. 1, 3, 17 al.; Gen 19:30; 26:7; ApcMos 10:18) Mt 1:20; 2:22; Mk 9:32; Lk 9:45; 2 Cl 5:1.—φοβεῖσθαι abs. in the sense take care (Just., D. 78, 4) πλέον φοβεῖσθαι be more careful than usually ITr 4:1.

ⓑ trans. fear someone or someth.

α. pers. τινά someone (X., An. 3, 2, 19 al.; PGM 4, 2171; Num 21:34; Dt 3:2; Jos., Ant. 13, 26; Just., D. 83, 1) μὴ φοβηθῆτε αὐτούς Mt 10:26. Ἡρῴδης ἐφοβεῖτο τὸν Ἰωάννην Mt 6:20. τοὺς Ἰουδαίους J 9:22.—Gal 2:12; 2:5b (saying of Jesus). God (Did., Gen. 64, 15; Theoph. Ant. 1, 14 [p. 92, 11]) Mt 10:28b; Lk 12:5abc; 23:40; 2:5c (saying of Jesus). The crowd Mt 14:5; 21:26, 46; Mk 11:32; 12:12; Lk 20:19; 22:2; Ac 5:26 (foll. by μή). τὴν ἐξουσίαν (ἐξουσία 5a) Ro 13:3. The angel of repentance Hm 12, 4, 1; Hs 6, 2, 5. The Christian is to have no fear of the devil Hm 7:2a; 12, 4, 6f; 12, 5, 2.

β. animals (in imagery) μὴ φοβείσθωσαν τὰ ἀρνία τοὺς λύκους 2:5a (saying of Jesus, fr. an unknown source).

γ. things τὶ someth. (X., Hell. 4, 4, 8 al.; En 103:4; ApcEsdr 7:2 τὸν θάνατον; Just., D. 1, 5 κόλασιν; Ath., R. 21 p. 75, 1 οὐδέν; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 90; 2, 232) τὸ διάταγμα τοῦ βασιλέως Hb 11:23. τὸν θυμὸν τοῦ βασιλέως vs. 27. τὴν κρίσιν 2 Cl 18:2. τὸν ὄντως θάνατον Dg 10:7. φοβοῦμαι τὴν ὑμῶν ἀγάπην, μὴ … IRo 1:2. τὰ ὅπλα (in imagery) Hm 12, 2, 4.—1 Pt 3:14 and 6 belong here if the nouns in them are to be taken in an act. sense; s. 1a above.—Fear, avoid, shun τὶ someth. (Ps.-Callisth. 1, 41, 9 Δαρεῖος τὸ ἅρμα φοβηθείς) τὴν πλάνην τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν B 12:10. τὰ ἔργα τοῦ διαβόλου Hm 7:3ac.—AVStröm, Der Hirt des Hermas, Allegorie oder Wirklichkeit? Ntl. Sem. Uppsala 3, ’36.

② to have a profound measure of respect for, (have) reverence, respect, w. special ref. to fear of offending

ⓐ God: fear (differently 1bα) in the sense reverence (Aeschyl., Suppl. 893 δαίμονας; Isocr. 1, 16 τοὺς μὲν θεοὺς φοβοῦ, τοὺς δὲ γονεῖς τίμα; Pla., Leg. 11, 927a; Lysias 9, 17; 32, 17; Plut., De Superstit. 2, 165b; LXX; PsSol 4:21; TestJob 43:9 [τὸν κύριον]; JosAs 2:5 [deities]; Philo, Migr. Abr. 21 [after Gen 42:18]. Cp. PTebt 59, 10 [II B.C.] φοβεῖσθαι καὶ σέβεσθαι τὸ ἱερόν) Lk 1:50 (anticipates the οἱ φοβούμενοι in Ac: H-JKlauck, NTS 43, ’97, 134–39); 18:2, 4 (was Ex 23:1–3 his motto: even God could not bribe him?); Ac 10:35; 1 Pt 2:17; Rv 14:7; 19:5; 1 Cl 21:7; 23:1; 28:1; 45:6; B 10:10f (τὸν κύριον); 19:2, 7; Hm 1:2; 7:1, 4f; Hs 5, 1, 5; 8, 11, 2; D 4:10. Also τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ θεοῦ (2 Esdr 11) Rv 11:18.—φοβούμενοι τὸν θεόν as a t.t.=σεβόμενοι τὸν θεόν (σέβω 1b; t.t. disputed by MWilcox, JSNT 13, ’81, 102–22; cp. TFinn, CBQ 47, ’85, 75–84; ILevinskaya, The Book of Acts in Its Diaspora Setting [BAFCS V] ’96, 51–126; BWander, Gottesfürchtige und Sympathisanten [WUNT 104] ’98, esp. 80–86; 180–203) Ac 13:16, 26 (Just., D. 10, 4 al.; sing. 10:2, 22).—τὸν κύριον (PsSol 2:33; 3:12 al.; JosAs 8:9) Christ: Col 3:22.—WAllen (s. 1a above) interprets Mk 16:8 to mean reverence for the divine.

ⓑ pers. who command respect (Plut., Galba 1054 [3, 4]; Herodian 3, 13, 2; Lev 19:3 φοβ. πατέρα καὶ μητέρα; Jos., Ant. 19, 345): of a wife ἵνα φοβῆται τὸν ἄνδρα Eph 5:33. τὸν ἐπίσκοπον IEph 6:1.—RAC VIII 661–99; TRE XI 756–59; Schmidt, Syn. III 507–36. DELG s.v. φέβομαι II. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.